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Chemical burns should be flushed away with large amounts of warmed water for at least 20 to 30 minutes.

A clenched hand with a small electrical entrance wound should alert the clinician that a deep soft-tissue injury is likely much more extensive than is visible to the naked eye.

BSA distribution differs considerably for children because a young child’s head represents a larger proportion of the surface area, and the lower extremities represent a smaller proportion than an adult’s.

Tissue pressures of greater than 30 mm Hg suggest decreased capillary blood flow, which can result in muscle and nerve damage from anoxia.

The most common cause of rib fractures in elderly patients is a ground-level fall.

Elderly airway poses specific challenges, including arthritic changes in TMJ.

Physical maltreatment occurs in up to 14% of geriatric trauma admissions, resulting in higher mortality.

Every female of reproductive age with significant injuries should be considered pregnant until proven otherwise.

The lack of elasticity in the placenta results in vulnerability to shear forces at the uteroplacental interface.

At 34 to 36 weeks, the uterus reaches the costal margin.

The most important principle when choosing the mode of patient transportation is to do no further harm.

Inadequate or inappropriate communication between referring and receiving providers is a potential pitfall in interhospital transfer of a critically injured patient.

A written record of the problem, treatment given, and patient status at the time of transfer is required for documentation.

A child’s incompletely calcified and more pliable skeleton makes rib fractures uncommon, even when they have sustained significant trauma.

Ionizing radiation may increase the risk of certain malignancies, and its use should be justified based on specific criteria.

Child’s larynx is funnel-shaped, which contributes to the difficulty in visualizing the larynx during intubation.

Patients with traumatic amputation are at particularly high risk of life-threatening hemorrhage and may require application of a tourniquet.

Rhabdomyolysis can lead to hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

Cervical spine injuries above C6 can result in partial or total loss of respiratory function.

CT scanning is particularly useful for detecting fractures of the posterior elements (pedicles, lamina, and spinous processes) and determining the degree of canal compromise caused by burst fractures.

Specific spinal indications for screening carotid and vertebral arterial injuries include fractures involving the foramen transversarium.

Certain reversible conditions, such as hypothermia or barbiturate coma, can mimic brain death.

Posttraumatic epilepsy occurs in approximately 5% of patients admitted to the hospital with closed head injuries.

The recommended dose of mannitol for rapid administration in a euvolemic patient with acute neurological deterioration is 1 g/kg, administered over 5 minutes.

AP compression injury is often associated with a motorcycle or a head-on motor vehicle crash, producing external rotation of the hemipelvis with separation of the symphysis pubis and tearing of the posterior ligamentous complex.

Class II Hemorrhage is characterized by tachycardia, tachypnea, and decreased pulse pressure. The decrease in pulse pressure is related to a rise in diastolic blood pressure due to increased catecholamines.

Tachycardia is diagnosed when the heart rate is greater than 120 BPM in children from school age to puberty.

One of the hallmark signs of neurogenic shock is bradycardia (slow heart rate) due to the loss of sympathetic tone that normally stimulates the heart.

Pediatric trauma patients who are older than 1 year typically require a urinary output of 1 mL/kg/h for adequate fluid balance and renal function assessment.

Patients with severe head injuries and a GCS score of 8 or lower usually require the placement of a definitive airway.

transurethral bladder catheterization is contraindicated for patients who may have urethral injury, and suspicion of urethral injury is indicated by the presence of either blood at the urethral meatus or perineal ecchymosis.

Surgical cricothyroidotomy is performed by making a skin incision through the cricothyroid membrane, dilating the opening, and inserting a small endotracheal or tracheostomy tube.

For percutaneous transtracheal oxygenation (PTO) in adults, a large-caliber plastic cannula with a size of 12- to 14-gauge is typically used.

Etomidate (Amidate) is used in drug-assisted intubation because it does not negatively affect blood pressure or intracranial pressure. However, it can depress adrenal function.

It is recommended to promptly close the open pneumothorax by applying a sterile occlusive dressing that overlaps the wound’s edges. Securing the dressing on three sides creates a flutter-valve effect, allowing air to escape while preventing its re-entry, stabilizing the condition.

Listening for stridor, a high-pitched sound produced during breathing, is a way to assess for evidence of partial upper airway obstruction during the primary survey. Stridor may indicate narrowing or blockage of the upper airway.

Massive hemothorax is defined by the rapid accumulation of more than 1500 mL of blood or one-third or more of the patient’s blood volume in the chest cavity.

The priority and best method of abdominal and pelvic assessment are determined by the mechanism of injury, injury forces, location of injury, and hemodynamic status of the patient.

Explosions can produce visceral overpressure injuries, and the risk increases when the patient is in close proximity to the blast and when a blast occurs within a closed space.

During a FAST procedure, the four regions examined are the pericardial sac, hepatorenal fossa, splenorenal fossa, and pelvis or pouch of Douglas.